Number 8, 1951 "Black Flowing"|Jackson Pollock |Search Collection

Updated 30 May 2024

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On Display

Permanent collection

Jackson Pollock

Cody, 1912 - New York, 1956

Number 8, 1951 "Black Flowing"

Date	1951
Materials and Techniques	enamel on cotton canvas
Size（cm）	140 x 185
Inscriptions	Signed and dated lower right in charcoal: Jackson Pollock 51
Credit Line	Donated by Yamamura Family
Standard ref.	O'Conne/Thaw 327
Category	Paintings
Collection Number	P.1965-0008

Between 1951 and 1952, Jackson Pollock created a number of monochrome works that employ dripped black enamel on blank canvas. The works in the "Black and White" series were greeted with great surprise and discouragement when they were displayed for the first time in November 1951 in Pollock's one-man show at the Betty Parsons Gallery. His previous drippings abstract paintings, with their colors covering the entire surface, were transformed into paintings that were solely black in color, with some return of representational motifs. In this work there appears to be some sort of four-legged creature visible. While experiments have been made with the interpretation of the symbolism of these forms as some sort of "hidden image," it does not necessarily mean that they can be interpreted as specific objects. Some critics raise the theory that Pollock's dejection at the fact the only work sold at his one-man show the previous year was bought by a friend, combined with his alcoholism, led to his change to black forms during this period. There is another theory that he was hesitant about the new ground he opened with his pourings, and that in these paintings Pollock was turning towards representational things in the face of unease about descending into stylization and atrophy. It has also been suggested that the "Black and White" series was his contribution to a specific project, Tony Smith's church. However, what is more important than a search for the causative, what floats in the background of this massive change by Pollock, which can be considered an extinction of his earlier works, is connected to his awareness of issues. Pollock questioned the dualist argument of the figurative or the anti-figurative, and that applied to his pourings paintings. Examples can be found in the Ohara Museum of Art's Cut Out, 1948-50 and Stuttgart's Out of the Web: Number 7, 1949. The "Black and White" series can be also considered an extension of Pollock's search for the dualistic, and should be seen as the heightening of the figurative within his methods. (Source: Masterpieces of the National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, 2009, cat. no.122)

Provenance

Betty Parsons Gallery; Michel Tapié, Paris; Comte Philippe Dotremont, Brussels; Donated by Haru & Takutaro Yamamura, Nishinomiya.

Exhibition History

1952: Jackson Pollock, Studio Paul Facchetti, Paris, 7 March 1952 - 31 March 1952
1955: Tendances actuelles III, Kunsthalle Bern, 29 January 1955 - 6 March 1955, no. 61.
1957: Rome-New York Art Foundation, Rome: The Foundation, 0 1957 - 0 1957, n. p.
1957: Otro arte, Barcelona, 0 1957 - 0 1957
1985: Drawings Jackson Pollock: Loan Exhibition from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Shoto Museum of Art, 20 August 1985 - 29 September 1985, Fukuoka Art Museum, 8 October - 27 October 1985,
1986: , The Museum of Modern Art, Saitama, 5 October 1986 - 14 December 1986
1988: American Art since 1945, Tochigi Prefectural Museum of Fine Arts, 17 April 1988 - 5 June 1988, cat. no. 8, col. repr.
1988: Les Années 50, Centre Georges Pompidou, 30 June 1988 - 5 October 1988
1989: Gendai Bijyutｓu no Souzousha tachi: Showa 20nendai no Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Tottori Prefectural Museum, Tottori, 10 October 1989 - 9 November 1989, cat. no. 15
1995: Abstract Expressionism: Masterpieces from Japanese Collections, The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, 11 March 1995 - 4 June 1995
1997: Expressiveness of Materials, National Museum of Art, Osaka, 17 April 1997 - 22 June 1997, cat. no. 86
2000: Visage: Painting and the Human Face in 20th-Century Art, National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, 12 January 2000 - 13 February 2000, cat. no. 89
2002: The Unfinished Century : Legacies of 20th Century Art, The Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, 16 January 2002 - 10 March 2002, cat. no. 260, col. repr.
2011: Jackson Pollock: A Centennial Retrospective, Aichi Prefectural Museum of Art, 11 November 2011 - 22 January 2012, cat. no. 51, repr., The National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, 10 February 2012 - 6 May 2012
2015: Jackson Pollock: Blind Spots, Tate Liverpool, 30 June 2015 - 18 October 2015, p. 37, col. repr.
2016: The Figurative Pollock, Kunstmuseum Basel, 2 October 2016 - 22 January 2017, cat. no. 94, col. repr.
2023: Abstraction: The Genesis and Evolution of Abstract Painting: Cézanne, Fauvism, Cubism and on to Today, Artizon Museum, 3 June 2023 - 20 August 2023, cat. no. 120, col. repr.

Bibliography

1951: Porter, F. Jackson Pollock. Art News. vol. 50, no. 8, December 1951 , p. 48, repr. (with the title "Number 8. 1951")
1956: Hess, Thomas B. U. S. painting: some recent directions. Art News Annual. no. 26, 1956, p. 76.
1960: Schmidt, Georg. Mesures et valeurs de l'art moderne. Quadrum. no. 8, 1960, p. 9, repr. (with the title "Coulée Noires")
1967: Annual bulletin of the National Museum of Western Art. No. 1, 1967, Catalogue of the New Acquisitions. pp. 40-41, no. P-350. repr.
1971: Les cent chefs-d'œuvre du Musée National d'Art Occidental. Tokyo, The National Museum of Western Art, 1971 (Japanese), no. 65, repr.
1971: Gutiérrez, F. G. Influencias mutuas entre el arte japonés y el occidental. Goya. July-August 1971, p. 23, repr.
1975: Les cent chefs-d'œuvre du Musée National d'Art Occidental. Tokyo, The National Museum of Western Art, 1975 (Japanese), no. 81, repr.
1978: Masterpieces of the National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo. Tokyo, The National Museum of Western Art, 1978 (Japanese, preface in Japanese and English), no. 85, repr.
1978: O'Conner, Francis Valentine; Thaw, Eugene Victor, eds. Jackson Pollock: A Catalogue Raisonné of Paintings, Drawings and Other Works. vol. 2, New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 1978, no. 327, repr.
1979: The National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo: Catalogue of paintings. Tokyo, The National Museum of Western Art, 1979, no. 225, repr.
1985: Drawings Jackson Pollock: Loan Exhibition from the Metropolitan Museum of Art (exh. cat.). Kijima, Shunsuke. [Tokyo], The Tokyo Shimbun, 1985, cat. no. C, repr.
1986: Black and White in Art Today (exh. cat.). The Museum of Modern Art, Saitama. [Urawa], The Museum of Modern Art, Saitama, 1986, p. 81, cat. no. 34, repr.
1988: Les Années 50 (exh. cat.). Abadie, Daniel; Alfonsi, Dominique; Beroff, Christine; Ballangé, Guy et al. [Paris], Editions du Centre Georges Pompidou, 1988 , p. 291, repr.
1988: American Art Since 1945 (exh. cat.). Tochigi Prefectural Museum of Fine Arts, ed. [Utsunomiya], Tochigi Prefectural Museum of Fine Arts, 1988, pp. 27, 99, cat. no. 8, col. repr.
1989: Gendai Bijutsu no Sozosha Tachi: Showa 20nendai no Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe (exh. cat.). Tottori Prefectural Museum, ed. [Tottori], Tottori Prefectural Museum Shiryokankokai, 1989, pp. 16, 56, cat. no. 15, col. repr.
1995: Abstract Expressionism: Masterpieces from Japanese Collections (exh. cat.). National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, ed. [Tokyo], Fuji Television Network, 1995, pp. 37-42, cat. no. 21, col. repr.
2002: The Unfinished Century: Legacies of 20th Century Art (exh.cat.). National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, ed. [Tokyo], Yomiuri Shimbun, 2002, pp. 172, 273, cat. no. 260, col. repr.
2006: Masterpieces of The National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo. Tokyo, The National Museum of Western Art; Tokyo, The Western Art Foundation, 2006 (Japanese, preface in Japanese and English), no. 122, col. repr.
2009: Masterpieces of The National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo. Tokyo, The National Museum of Western Art; Tokyo, The Western Art Foundation, 2009, no. 122, col. repr.
2011: Jackson Pollock: A Centennial Retrospective. Tokyo, Yomiuri Shimbun, c2011-2012, cat. no. 51, repr.
2013: Masterpieces: The National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo. Tokyo, The Western Art Foundation, 2013 (Japanese, preface in Japanese and English), no. 124, col. repr.
2015: Jackson Pollock: Blind Spots (exh. cat.). Delahunty, Gavin, ed. London, Tate Publishing, 2015, pp. 37, 143, 154, col. repr.
2016: The Figurative Pollock (exh. cat.). Zimmer, Nina, ed. Munich, Prestel, 2016, pp. [75], 221-[222], [227], cat. no. 94, col. repr.
2023: Abstraction: The Genesis and Evolution of Abstract Painting: Cézanne, Fauvism, Cubism and on to Today (exh. cat.). Shimbata, Yasuhide; Shimamoto, Hideaki, eds. Tokyo, Artizon Museum, Ishibashi Foundation, 2023, pp. 235, 415, cat. no. 120, col. repr.

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